From d21625bdd7b64cced98219a32bdcebdda66d7a04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 13:25:32 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 01/19] Complete exercises for Module Tools/Sprint 5/Prep -
 step 1 'Why we use types'

---
 prep-exercises/a_why_use_types.py | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 prep-exercises/a_why_use_types.py

diff --git a/prep-exercises/a_why_use_types.py b/prep-exercises/a_why_use_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db2e96f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prep-exercises/a_why_use_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# ------------------------
+# Exercise 1
+# ------------------------
+# Q. What does double("22") return? Did it do what you expected? Why did it return the value it did?
+# A. I expected the result to be 44 through coercion, like JavaScript.
+#    It returned the string repeated i.e. 2222 because Python is a strongly typed language and doesn't use coercion
+
+def double(input):
+    return input * 2
+
+print(double("22")) # returns "2222"
+
+
+
+# ------------------------
+# Exercise 2
+# ------------------------
+# Q. Read the code and write down what the bug is. How would you fix it?
+# A. In this function it returns the value of 30, which is the input * 3 which is logically correct, however you would 
+#    expect the function to be called "triple" or you would expect the logic to be number * 2, so i would amend 
+#    the function to either of these solutions
+
+# original function (buggy):
+def double(number):
+    return number * 3
+
+print(double(10)) # returns "30"
+
+
+#  solution 1 - fix the logic:
+def double(number):
+    return number * 2
+
+print(double(10))  # returns "20"
+
+
+
+#  solution 2 - rename the function:
+def triple(number):
+    return number * 3
+
+print(triple(10))  # returns "30"
\ No newline at end of file

From ff67f81f038271b4168e8048124942d6370ce4ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 13:27:50 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 02/19] Complete exercises for Module Tools/Sprint 5/Prep -
 step 2 'Type Checking with mypy'

---
 prep-exercises/b_type_checking.py | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 prep-exercises/b_type_checking.py

diff --git a/prep-exercises/b_type_checking.py b/prep-exercises/b_type_checking.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19850044
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prep-exercises/b_type_checking.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# ------------------------
+# Exercise 1
+# ------------------------
+# Read the code to understand what it’s trying to do. 
+# Add type annotations to the method parameters and return types of this code. 
+# Run the code through mypy, and fix all of the bugs that show up. 
+# When you’re confident all of the type annotations are correct, and the bugs are fixed, run the code and check it works.
+
+
+
+# added type annotations to balances of dictionary[string, integer] to represent the structure needed, string to name and integer to amount, 
+# with the return type of none (as there is nothing to return)
+def open_account(balances: dict[str, int], name: str, amount: int) -> None:
+    balances[name] = amount
+
+# added type annotation of dictionary to the accounts argument because it reflects the balances argument,
+# and a return type of integer.
+def sum_balances(accounts: dict[str, int]) -> int:
+    total = 0
+    for name, pence in accounts.items():
+        print(f"{name} had balance {pence}")
+        total += pence
+    return total
+
+# added integer type annotation and a return type of string for the output
+def format_pence_as_string(total_pence: int) -> str:
+    if total_pence < 100:
+        return f"{total_pence}p"
+    pounds = int(total_pence / 100)
+    pence = total_pence % 100
+    return f"£{pounds}.{pence:02d}"
+
+balances = {
+    "Sima": 700,
+    "Linn": 545,
+    "Georg": 831,
+}
+
+# added the balances dictionary as first argument (as required above)
+# and altered the amounts types from float 9.13 and string "7.13" to integers
+open_account(balances, "Tobi", 913)
+open_account(balances, "Olya", 713)
+
+total_pence = sum_balances(balances)
+# corrected the function name (originally was "format_pence_as_str")
+total_string = format_pence_as_string(total_pence)
+
+print(f"The bank accounts total {total_string}")
\ No newline at end of file

From 5e0ebd9132271a75a41d3602660f3f36e36a91df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 13:29:29 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 03/19] Complete exercises forthe 'Comprehensive guide to mypy'
 article in  Module Tools/Sprint 5/Prep - step 2 'Type Checking with mypy'

---
 prep-exercises/article_test.py | 158 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 158 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 prep-exercises/article_test.py

diff --git a/prep-exercises/article_test.py b/prep-exercises/article_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57d4db49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prep-exercises/article_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# def double(n: int) -> int:
+#     return n * 2
+
+# num = double(21)
+# print(num)
+
+
+
+from typing import List, Dict, Counter, Set, Union, Any
+from math import sqrt
+
+
+def average(nums: List[int]) -> float:
+    total = sum(nums)
+    count = len(nums)
+    return total / count
+
+print(average([1, 2, 3, 4])) # 2.5
+
+
+# from typing import Dict
+def get_total_marks(scorecard: Dict[str, int]) -> int:
+    marks = list(scorecard.values())  # marks : List[int]
+    return sum(marks)
+
+scores = {'english': 84, 'maths': 92, 'history': 75}
+print(get_total_marks(scores))  # 251
+
+
+# from typing import Counter, List
+def count_occurences(data: List[float]) -> Counter[float]:
+  occurences = Counter(data)
+  return occurences
+
+nums = [2.5, 1.0, 7, 1, 6, 2.5, 1.0]
+print(count_occurences(nums))  # Counter({1.0: 3, 2.5: 2, 7: 1, 6: 1})
+
+
+# from typing import List
+def unique_count(nums: List[int]) -> int:
+    """counts the number of unique items in the list"""
+    uniques = set()  # How does mypy know what type this is?
+    for num in nums:
+        uniques.add(num)
+
+    return len(uniques)
+
+print(unique_count([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 4, 3, 1]))  # 4
+
+
+# from typing import List, Set
+def unique_count(nums: List[int]) -> int:
+    """counts the number of unique items in the list"""
+    uniques: Set[int] = set()  # Manually added type information
+    for num in nums:
+        uniques.add(num)
+
+    return len(uniques)
+
+print(unique_count([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 4, 3, 1]))  # 4
+
+
+# from typing import List, Set
+def unique_count(nums: List[int]) -> int:
+    """counts the number of unique items in the list"""
+    uniques: Set[int] = set()
+    for num in nums:
+        uniques.add(num)
+
+    return len(uniques)
+
+counts = unique_count([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 4, 3, 1])
+
+reveal_type(counts)  # The special magic reveal_type method - 
+# you should only use reveal_type to debug your code, and remove it when you're done debugging.
+
+
+def print_favorite_color(person):
+    fav_color = person.get('favorite-color')
+    if fav_color is None:
+        print("You don't have a favorite color. 😿")
+    else:
+        print(f"Your favorite color is {fav_color}! 😸.")
+
+me = {'name': 'Tushar', 'favorite-color': 'Purple'}
+print_favorite_color(me)
+
+
+def print_favorite_color(person: Dict[str, str]) -> None:  # added types to function definition
+    fav_color = person.get('favorite-color')
+    reveal_type(fav_color)  # added this line here
+    if fav_color is None:
+        print("You don't have a favorite color. 😿")
+    else:
+        print(f"Your favorite color is {fav_color}! 😸.")
+
+me = {'name': 'Tushar', 'favorite-color': 'Purple'}
+print_favorite_color(me) 
+
+
+def print_item(item):
+    if isinstance(item, list):
+        for data in item:
+            print(data)
+    else:
+        print(item)
+
+print_item('Hi!')
+print_item(['This is a test', 'of polymorphism'])
+
+
+def print_item(item: Union[str, List[str]]) -> None:
+    reveal_type(item)
+    
+    if isinstance(item, list):
+        for data in item:
+            reveal_type(item)
+            print(data)
+    else:
+        reveal_type(item)
+        print(item)
+
+print_item('Hi!')
+print_item(['This is a test', 'of polymorphism'])
+
+
+#a type-annotated Python implementation of the builtin function abs:
+def my_abs(num: Union[int, float, complex]) -> float:
+    if isinstance(num, complex):
+        # absolute value of a complex number is sqrt(i^2 + j^2)
+        return sqrt(num.real ** 2 + num.imag ** 2)
+
+    else:
+        return num if num > 0 else -num
+
+print(my_abs(-5.6))  # 5.6
+print(my_abs(42))    # 42
+print(my_abs(0))     # 0
+print(my_abs(6-8j))  # 10.0
+
+
+# if you ever try to run reveal_type inside an untyped function, this is what happens:
+def average(nums):
+    total = sum(nums)
+    count = len(nums)
+
+    ans = total / count
+    reveal_type(ans)  # revealed type says it is 'Any' - 'Any' turns off type checking - so, avoid it if poss!
+
+
+def post_data_to_api(data: Any) -> None:
+    requests.post('https://example.com/post', json=data)
+
+data = '{"num": 42, "info": null}'
+parsed_data = json.loads(data)
+reveal_type(parsed_data)  # Revealed type is 'Any'
+
+post_data_to_api(data)
\ No newline at end of file

From 093032b171d123b83ab6af1778bbc369d392bd65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 13:35:09 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 04/19] Complete exercises for Module Tools/Sprint 5/Prep -
 step 3 'Classes and objects'

---
 prep-exercises/c_classes_and_objects.py | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 prep-exercises/c_classes_and_objects.py

diff --git a/prep-exercises/c_classes_and_objects.py b/prep-exercises/c_classes_and_objects.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58fc8a8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prep-exercises/c_classes_and_objects.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+class Person:
+    def __init__(self, name: str, age: int, preferred_operating_system: str):
+        self.name = name
+        self.age = age
+        self.preferred_operating_system = preferred_operating_system
+
+
+
+imran = Person("Imran", 22, "Ubuntu")
+print(imran.name)
+# print(imran.address) # mypy: Person has no attribute address
+
+
+eliza = Person("Eliza", 34, "Arch Linux")
+print(eliza.name)
+# print(eliza.address)  # mypy: Person has no attribute address
+
+
+def is_adult(person: Person) -> bool:
+    return person.age >= 18
+
+
+print(is_adult(imran))
+
+
+# ------------------------
+# Exercise 1
+# ------------------------
+# Write a new function in the file that accepts a Person as a parameter and tries to access 
+# a property that doesn’t exist. Run it through mypy and check that it does report an error.
+
+def is_located_in(person: Person) -> bool:
+    return person.is_located_in == "Manchester"
+
+print(is_located_in(eliza))  # prints: AttributeError: 'Person' object has no attribute 'is_located_in'
+

From fd85ecae57e803f803ed8c384f2e5fd58167313b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 13:36:16 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 05/19] Complete exercises for Module Tools/Sprint 5/Prep -
 step 4 'Methods'

---
 prep-exercises/d_methods.py | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 prep-exercises/d_methods.py

diff --git a/prep-exercises/d_methods.py b/prep-exercises/d_methods.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2dc0a8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prep-exercises/d_methods.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+from datetime import date
+
+
+# ------------------------
+# Exercise 1
+# ------------------------
+# Q. Advantages of methods over free functions
+# A. Encapsulation - Grouping the data (the attributes) and the behaviour (the  methods) together
+#    means that the code is more organised and easier to understand. It also allows you to hide
+#    the internal details of how the class works to other parts of the program, so changes
+#    to the class can be made without affecting external code. Plus, it prevents
+#    accidental changes to the class's data from outside the class.
+
+#    Ease of documentation -  When you use methods, all the actions (functions) related to a specific 
+#    thing (like a Person or a String) are grouped inside the class for that thing. This makes it 
+#    easier to find and understand what that thing can do because everything is in one place.
+
+#    Inheritance and reusability - methods can be inherited and overridden in subclasses, making them
+#    reusable and offering customization.
+
+#    Access to state - Methods can directly access and modify the data (attributes) of an object using 
+#    self, which free functions cannot do as they are not tied to any specific object.
+
+#    Polymorphism - Methods support this by allowing you to define methods with the same name in
+#    different classes, you call the same methods on different objects but each with behaviour,
+#    that is specific to that class.
+
+
+# ------------------------
+# Exercise 2
+# ------------------------
+# Change the Person class to take a date of birth (using the standard library’s datetime.date class)
+# and store it in a field instead of age. Update the is_adult method to act the same as before.
+
+class Person:
+    def __init__(self, name: str, date_of_birth: date, preferred_operating_system: str):
+        self.name = name
+        self.date_of_birth = date_of_birth
+        self.preferred_operating_system = preferred_operating_system
+
+    def is_adult(self) -> bool:
+        today = date.today()
+        age = today.year - self.date_of_birth.year - ((today.month, today.day) < (self.date_of_birth.month, self.date_of_birth.day))
+        return age >= 18
+
+imran = Person("Imran", date(2002, 1, 12), "Ubuntu")
+print(imran.is_adult())
\ No newline at end of file

From 1f2718780e4c96c3463b2add2ddfc1457eab8607 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 13:48:19 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 06/19] Complete exercises for Module Tools/Sprint 5/Prep -
 step 5 'Dataclasses'

---
 prep-exercises/e_dataclasses.py | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 prep-exercises/e_dataclasses.py

diff --git a/prep-exercises/e_dataclasses.py b/prep-exercises/e_dataclasses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5700086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prep-exercises/e_dataclasses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# class Person:
+#     def __init__(self, name: str, age: int, preferred_operating_system: str):
+#         self.name = name
+#         self.age = age 
+#         self.preferred_operating_system = preferred_operating_system
+
+# imran = Person("Imran", 22, "Ubuntu")
+# imran2 = Person("Imran", 22, "Ubuntu")
+
+# print(imran == imran2)  # Prints False
+# print(imran)  # <__main__.Person object at 0x74b1986e2990>
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import date
+
+# @dataclass(frozen=True)
+# class Person:
+#     name: str
+#     age: int
+#     preferred_operating_system: str
+
+# imran = Person("Imran", 22, "Ubuntu")  # We can call this constructor - @dataclass generated it for us.
+# print(imran)  # Prints Person(name='Imran', age=22, preferred_operating_system='Ubuntu')
+
+# imran2 = Person("Imran", 22, "Ubuntu")
+# print(imran == imran2)  # Prints True
+
+
+# ------------------------
+# Exercise 1
+# ------------------------
+# Q.Write a Person class using @datatype which uses a datetime.date for date of birth, rather than an int for age.
+#   Re-add the is_adult method to it.
+
+@dataclass
+class Person:
+    name: str
+    date_of_birth: date
+    preferred_operating_system: str
+
+    def is_adult(self) -> bool:
+        today = date.today()
+        age = today.year - self.date_of_birth.year - ((today.month, today.day) < (self.date_of_birth.month, self.date_of_birth.day))
+        return age >= 18
+    
+imran = Person("Imran", date(2002, 1, 12), "Ubuntu")
+print(imran.is_adult())
\ No newline at end of file

From 7d8d652571f6e5b8100a75f719592595df35e27f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 13:48:53 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 07/19] Complete exercises for Module Tools/Sprint 5/Prep -
 step 6 'Generics'

---
 prep-exercises/f_generics.py | 45 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 45 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 prep-exercises/f_generics.py

diff --git a/prep-exercises/f_generics.py b/prep-exercises/f_generics.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab7f9594
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prep-exercises/f_generics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+# @dataclass(frozen=True)
+# class Person:
+#     name: str
+#     children: List["Person"]
+
+# fatma = Person(name="Fatma", children=[])
+# aisha = Person(name="Aisha", children=[])
+
+# imran = Person(name="Imran", children=[fatma, aisha])
+
+# def print_family_tree(person: Person) -> None:
+#     print(person.name)
+#     for child in person.children:
+#         print(f"- {child.name} ({child.age})")
+
+# print_family_tree(imran)
+
+
+# ------------------------
+# Exercise 1
+# ------------------------
+# Fix the above code so that it works. You must not change the print on line 17 
+# - we do want to print the children’s ages. (Feel free to invent the ages of Imran’s children.)
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Person:
+    name: str
+    children: List["Person"]
+    age: Optional[int] = None  # add the optional import so that age is optional with a default of None
+    
+
+fatma = Person(name="Fatma", age=13, children=[])  # order of arguments doesn't matter when named
+aisha = Person("Aisha", [], 8)  #however it does if you don't strictly name them
+
+imran = Person(name="Imran", children=[fatma, aisha])
+
+def print_family_tree(person: Person) -> None:
+    print(person.name)
+    for child in person.children:
+        print(f"- {child.name} ({child.age})")
+
+print_family_tree(imran)
\ No newline at end of file

From ec5c6cee7dd036b624fe6ddb6ee283c90a4cc902 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 13:50:16 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 08/19] Complete exercises for Module Tools/Sprint 5/Prep -
 step 7 'Type-guided refactorings'

---
 prep-exercises/g_type_guided_refactorings.py | 93 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 93 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 prep-exercises/g_type_guided_refactorings.py

diff --git a/prep-exercises/g_type_guided_refactorings.py b/prep-exercises/g_type_guided_refactorings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..895040b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prep-exercises/g_type_guided_refactorings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import List
+
+# @dataclass(frozen=True)
+# class Person:
+#     name: str
+#     age: int
+#     preferred_operating_system: str
+
+
+# @dataclass(frozen=True)
+# class Laptop:
+#     id: int
+#     manufacturer: str
+#     model: str
+#     screen_size_in_inches: float
+#     operating_system: str
+
+
+# def find_possible_laptops(laptops: List[Laptop], person: Person) -> List[Laptop]:
+#     possible_laptops = []
+#     for laptop in laptops:
+#         if laptop.operating_system == person.preferred_operating_system:
+#             possible_laptops.append(laptop)
+#     return possible_laptops
+
+
+# people = [
+#     Person(name="Imran", age=22, preferred_operating_system="Ubuntu"),
+#     Person(name="Eliza", age=34, preferred_operating_system="Arch Linux"),
+# ]
+
+# laptops = [
+#     Laptop(id=1, manufacturer="Dell", model="XPS", screen_size_in_inches=13, operating_system="Arch Linux"),
+#     Laptop(id=2, manufacturer="Dell", model="XPS", screen_size_in_inches=15, operating_system="Ubuntu"),
+#     Laptop(id=3, manufacturer="Dell", model="XPS", screen_size_in_inches=15, operating_system="ubuntu"),
+#     Laptop(id=4, manufacturer="Apple", model="macBook", screen_size_in_inches=13, operating_system="macOS"),
+# ]
+
+# for person in people:
+#     possible_laptops = find_possible_laptops(laptops, person)
+#     print(f"Possible laptops for {person.name}: {possible_laptops}")
+
+
+# ------------------------
+# Exercise 1
+# ------------------------
+# Try changing the type annotation of Person.preferred_operating_system from str to List[str].
+# Run mypy on the code.
+# It tells us different places that our code is now wrong, because we’re passing values of the wrong type.
+# We probably also want to rename our field - lists are plural. Rename the field to preferred_operating_systems.
+# Run mypy again.
+# Fix all of the places that mypy tells you need changing. Make sure the program works as you’d expect.
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Person:
+    name: str
+    age: int
+    preferred_operating_systems: List[str]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Laptop:
+    id: int
+    manufacturer: str
+    model: str
+    screen_size_in_inches: float
+    operating_system: str
+
+# avoid variable shadowing my changing the internal variable names so that they don't confuse the reader
+def find_possible_laptops(available_laptops: List[Laptop], current_person: Person) -> List[Laptop]:
+    matching_laptops = []
+    for laptop in available_laptops:
+        if laptop.operating_system in current_person.preferred_operating_systems:
+            matching_laptops.append(laptop)
+    return matching_laptops
+
+
+people = [
+    Person(name="Imran", age=22, preferred_operating_systems=["Ubuntu"]),
+    Person(name="Eliza", age=34, preferred_operating_systems=["Arch Linux"]),
+]
+
+laptops = [
+    Laptop(id=1, manufacturer="Dell", model="XPS", screen_size_in_inches=13, operating_system="Arch Linux"),
+    Laptop(id=2, manufacturer="Dell", model="XPS", screen_size_in_inches=15, operating_system="Ubuntu"),
+    Laptop(id=3, manufacturer="Dell", model="XPS", screen_size_in_inches=15, operating_system="ubuntu"),
+    Laptop(id=4, manufacturer="Apple", model="macBook", screen_size_in_inches=13, operating_system="macOS"),
+]
+
+for person in people:
+    possible_laptops = find_possible_laptops(laptops, person)
+    print(f"Possible laptops for {person.name}: {possible_laptops}")
\ No newline at end of file

From cd028dc2dc59d616f2001725b2d5ce1d72f0b3a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 13:55:11 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 09/19] Complete exercises for Module Tools/Sprint 5/Prep -
 step 8 'enums'

---
 prep-exercises/h_enums.py | 124 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 124 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 prep-exercises/h_enums.py

diff --git a/prep-exercises/h_enums.py b/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f49692e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import sys
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import List
+from collections import Counter
+
+class OperatingSystem(Enum):
+    MACOS = "macOS"
+    ARCH = "Arch Linux"
+    UBUNTU = "Ubuntu"
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Person:
+    name: str
+    age: int
+    preferred_operating_systems: OperatingSystem
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Laptop:
+    id: int
+    manufacturer: str
+    model: str
+    screen_size_in_inches: float
+    operating_system: OperatingSystem
+
+def find_possible_laptops(available_laptops: List[Laptop], current_person: Person) -> List[Laptop]:
+    return [
+        laptop for laptop in available_laptops
+        if laptop.operating_system == current_person.preferred_operating_systems
+    ]
+
+laptops = [
+    Laptop(id=1, manufacturer="Dell", model="XPS", screen_size_in_inches=13, operating_system=OperatingSystem.ARCH),
+    Laptop(id=2, manufacturer="Dell", model="XPS", screen_size_in_inches=15, operating_system=OperatingSystem.UBUNTU),
+    Laptop(id=3, manufacturer="Dell", model="XPS", screen_size_in_inches=15, operating_system=OperatingSystem.UBUNTU),
+    Laptop(id=4, manufacturer="Apple", model="MacBook", screen_size_in_inches=13, operating_system=OperatingSystem.MACOS),
+    Laptop(id=5, manufacturer="Apple", model="MacBook Air", screen_size_in_inches=13, operating_system=OperatingSystem.MACOS),
+    Laptop(id=6, manufacturer="Lenovo", model="ThinkPad", screen_size_in_inches=14, operating_system=OperatingSystem.ARCH),
+    Laptop(id=7, manufacturer="Asus", model="ZenBook", screen_size_in_inches=13, operating_system=OperatingSystem.UBUNTU),
+    Laptop(id=8, manufacturer="HP", model="Spectre", screen_size_in_inches=14, operating_system=OperatingSystem.MACOS),
+    Laptop(id=9, manufacturer="Apple", model="MacBook Pro", screen_size_in_inches=16, operating_system=OperatingSystem.MACOS),
+]
+
+# ------------------------
+# Exercise 1
+# ------------------------
+#  Write a program which:
+#  - Already has a list of Laptops that a library has to lend out.
+#  - Accepts user input to create a new Person - it should use the input function to read a person’s name, age, 
+#    and preferred operating system.
+#  - Tells the user how many laptops the library has that have that operating system.
+#  - If there is an operating system that has more laptops available, tells the user that if they’re willing 
+#    to accept that operating system they’re more likely to get a laptop.
+#  You should convert the age and preferred operating system input from the user into more constrained types as quickly 
+#  as possible, and should output errors to stderr and terminate the program with a non-zero exit code if the
+#  user input bad values.
+
+def user_prompt() -> Person:
+    try:
+        name = str(input("Please enter your first name: "))
+        if not name.isalpha():
+            raise ValueError("Name must contain only alphabetic characters.")
+        
+        age = int(input("Please enter your age: "))
+        if age <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("Age must be positive.")
+        
+        # define valid OS options
+        valid_os = [os.value for os in OperatingSystem]
+
+        # dynamically display the os options
+        preferred_os = input(f"Please enter correct operating system name, either {', '.join(valid_os)}: ").strip()
+
+        # validate the OS
+        if preferred_os not in valid_os:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid operating system.")
+    
+        # convert to enum
+        preferred_os_enum = OperatingSystem(preferred_os)
+
+        return Person(name=name, age=age, preferred_operating_systems=preferred_os_enum)
+ 
+    # throw an error and exit for invalid age and os input
+    except ValueError as error:
+        print(f"Invalid input: {error}", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+
+    user_details = user_prompt()
+
+    matching_laptops = find_possible_laptops(laptops, user_details)
+
+    # get the counts of the laptops for an OS e.g. os_counts = {OperatingSystem.MACOS: 4,OperatingSystem.ARCH: 2,OperatingSystem.UBUNTU: 3}
+    os_counts = Counter(laptop.operating_system for laptop in laptops)
+
+    print(f"{user_details.name}, there are {len(matching_laptops)} laptops available with your preferred operating system ({user_details.preferred_operating_systems.value}).")
+
+    if matching_laptops:
+        print("Matching laptops:")
+        for laptop in matching_laptops:
+            print(f"- {laptop.manufacturer} {laptop.model} ({laptop.screen_size_in_inches}\" screen)")
+    else:
+        print("No laptops available with your preferred operating system.")
+
+    # get the count of laptops for users preferred OS
+    user_os_count = os_counts[user_details.preferred_operating_systems]
+
+    # find the OSes with more laptops available
+    alternative_os = [(os, count) for os, count in os_counts.items() if count > user_os_count]
+
+    if alternative_os:
+        print("However, there are more laptops available with the following operating systems:")
+        for os, count in alternative_os:
+            print(f"- {os.value}: {count} laptops")
+        print("If you consider one of these options, you will have a greater chance of getting a laptop.")
+    else: 
+        print("Your preferred operating system has the most laptops available.")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

From 56e7745bca06d57fe1fb8844c70d735f7a0d5118 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 16:32:16 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 10/19] Complete exercises for Module Tools/Sprint 5/Prep -
 step 9 'Inheritance'

---
 prep-exercises/i_inheritance.py | 74 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 74 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 prep-exercises/i_inheritance.py

diff --git a/prep-exercises/i_inheritance.py b/prep-exercises/i_inheritance.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a92c8a91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prep-exercises/i_inheritance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+class Parent:
+    def __init__(self, first_name: str, last_name: str):
+        self.first_name = first_name
+        self.last_name = last_name
+
+    def get_name(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name}"
+
+
+class Child(Parent):
+    def __init__(self, first_name: str, last_name: str):
+        super().__init__(first_name, last_name)
+        self.previous_last_names = []
+
+    def change_last_name(self, last_name: str) -> None:
+        self.previous_last_names.append(self.last_name)
+        self.last_name = last_name
+
+    def get_full_name(self) -> str:
+        suffix = ""
+        if len(self.previous_last_names) > 0:
+            suffix = f" (née {self.previous_last_names[0]})"
+        return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name}{suffix}"
+
+person1 = Child("Elizaveta", "Alekseeva")
+print(person1.get_name())
+print(person1.get_full_name())
+person1.change_last_name("Tyurina")
+print(person1.get_name())
+print(person1.get_full_name())
+
+person2 = Parent("Elizaveta", "Alekseeva")
+print(person2.get_name())
+print(person2.get_full_name())
+person2.change_last_name("Tyurina")
+print(person2.get_name())
+print(person2.get_full_name())
+
+
+# ------------------------
+# Exercise 1
+# ------------------------
+# Play computer with this code. Predict what you expect each line will do. Then run the code and check your predictions. (
+# If any lines cause errors, you may need to comment them out to check later lines).
+
+# Line 1: Create the class Parent
+# Line 2: Define the constructor method (__init__) that takes self, a first_name value with a type of str, and last_name value with a type of str
+# Line 3: Creates the first_name field of the object
+# Line 4: Creates the last_name field of the object
+# Line 6: Define a get_name method that returns a string
+# Line 7: Returns a formatted string of the object's first_name and last_name
+# Line 10: Create the subclass Child (inherits from the Parent class)
+# Line 11: Define the Child class constructor method and pass in the same arguments of a first_name with a type of str, and last_name with a type of str
+# Line 12: Call super() to run the Parent constructor method and set up first_name and last_name
+# Line 13: Creates a previous_last_names field (which is unique to the Child and not seen in the Parent class) and sets it to an empty list
+# Line 15: Define a change_last_name method that takes a new last_name of type str and doesn't return anything as annotated by the type None
+# Line 16: Uses the append method to append the current last_name value to the previous_last_names list
+# Line 17: Update the object's last_name field with the new last_name value that was passed in
+# Line 19: Define a get_full_name method that returns a string type
+# Line 20: Creates a local variable called suffix and sets it to an empty string value
+# Line 21: Checks if previous_last_names list has any items (names) by checking the length (checks if it is not empty (i.e. greater than 0))
+# Line 22: If it does set the suffix variable to a formatted string that has the word 'née' first then the original last_name value of the previous last name (at the first position in the previous_last_name list)
+# Line 23: Returns and formatted string of the Child object's first_name and last_name and adds the suffix at the end
+
+# For person1:  I predict that we will see "Elizaveta Alekseeva" as the first print output for get.name()
+#               For get_full_name I predict we will see just "Elizaveta Alekseeva" as there has been no other last names passed to the Child as yet
+#               Once change_last_name has been passed a new name, I expect to see "Elizaveta Tyurina"
+#               For get_full_name I predict we will see "Elizaveta Tyurina (née Alekseeva)"
+
+# For person2:  I predict that we will see "Elizaveta Alekseeva" for the get.name()
+#               I imagine there will be an error for print(person2.get_full_name()) because the Parent does not have a get_full_name method
+#               I predict it will fail for person2.change_last_name("Tyurina") for the same reason as the object is a parent object that has no change_last_name method
+#               By commenting out the previous 2 lines of code ,the next get.name() will repeat the first print output
+#               The final get_full_name output will fail again as before because this method doesn't exist in the Parent class.

From 6dc57fdb8220940c608e96b85c021e4573836954 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 16:53:45 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 11/19] Fix: shadwing issue in function parpameters

---
 prep-exercises/b_type_checking.py | 23 +++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/prep-exercises/b_type_checking.py b/prep-exercises/b_type_checking.py
index 19850044..0e41bca7 100644
--- a/prep-exercises/b_type_checking.py
+++ b/prep-exercises/b_type_checking.py
@@ -22,15 +22,18 @@ def sum_balances(accounts: dict[str, int]) -> int:
         total += pence
     return total
 
-# added integer type annotation and a return type of string for the output
-def format_pence_as_string(total_pence: int) -> str:
-    if total_pence < 100:
-        return f"{total_pence}p"
-    pounds = int(total_pence / 100)
-    pence = total_pence % 100
+# added integer type annotation and a return type of string for the output and renamed the function
+# parameter to avoid shadowing issue with variable name in the outer scope
+def format_pence_as_string(total_pence_amount: int) -> str:
+    if total_pence_amount < 100:
+        return f"{total_pence_amount}p"
+    pounds = int(total_pence_amount / 100)
+    pence = total_pence_amount % 100
     return f"£{pounds}.{pence:02d}"
 
-balances = {
+# renamed variable from 'balances' to 'account_balances' to avoid shadowing the function parameter
+# 'balances' in open_account function.
+account_balances = {
     "Sima": 700,
     "Linn": 545,
     "Georg": 831,
@@ -38,10 +41,10 @@ def format_pence_as_string(total_pence: int) -> str:
 
 # added the balances dictionary as first argument (as required above)
 # and altered the amounts types from float 9.13 and string "7.13" to integers
-open_account(balances, "Tobi", 913)
-open_account(balances, "Olya", 713)
+open_account(account_balances, "Tobi", 913)
+open_account(account_balances, "Olya", 713)
 
-total_pence = sum_balances(balances)
+total_pence = sum_balances(account_balances)
 # corrected the function name (originally was "format_pence_as_str")
 total_string = format_pence_as_string(total_pence)
 

From e367c1d0bb7730299fb71ec300a9a8940c2b3512 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 17:16:05 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 12/19] Fix: enforce minimum age requirement in user prompt and
 improve output formatting

---
 prep-exercises/h_enums.py | 14 ++++++++------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/prep-exercises/h_enums.py b/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
index 7f49692e..98113cb4 100644
--- a/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
+++ b/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
@@ -63,13 +63,15 @@ def user_prompt() -> Person:
             raise ValueError("Name must contain only alphabetic characters.")
         
         age = int(input("Please enter your age: "))
-        if age <= 0:
-            raise ValueError("Age must be positive.")
+        minimum_age = 18
+        if age < minimum_age: 
+            raise ValueError("Age must be 18 or over.")
+
         
         # define valid OS options
         valid_os = [os.value for os in OperatingSystem]
 
-        # dynamically display the os options
+        # dynamically display the os options (no need for str type here as input always returns a string)
         preferred_os = input(f"Please enter correct operating system name, either {', '.join(valid_os)}: ").strip()
 
         # validate the OS
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ def main() -> None:
     # get the counts of the laptops for an OS e.g. os_counts = {OperatingSystem.MACOS: 4,OperatingSystem.ARCH: 2,OperatingSystem.UBUNTU: 3}
     os_counts = Counter(laptop.operating_system for laptop in laptops)
 
-    print(f"{user_details.name}, there are {len(matching_laptops)} laptops available with your preferred operating system ({user_details.preferred_operating_systems.value}).")
+    print(f"\n{user_details.name}, there are {len(matching_laptops)} laptops available with your preferred operating system ({user_details.preferred_operating_systems.value}).\n")
 
     if matching_laptops:
         print("Matching laptops:")
@@ -113,10 +115,10 @@ def main() -> None:
     alternative_os = [(os, count) for os, count in os_counts.items() if count > user_os_count]
 
     if alternative_os:
-        print("However, there are more laptops available with the following operating systems:")
+        print("\nHowever, there are more laptops available with the following operating systems:")
         for os, count in alternative_os:
             print(f"- {os.value}: {count} laptops")
-        print("If you consider one of these options, you will have a greater chance of getting a laptop.")
+        print("\nIf you consider one of these options, you will have a greater chance of getting a laptop.")
     else: 
         print("Your preferred operating system has the most laptops available.")
 

From 491e97100216fd1320a952a14b09fde6e2554870 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 17:20:01 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 13/19] Fix: specify type for previous_last_names in Child
 class constructor

---
 prep-exercises/i_inheritance.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/prep-exercises/i_inheritance.py b/prep-exercises/i_inheritance.py
index a92c8a91..6d32e830 100644
--- a/prep-exercises/i_inheritance.py
+++ b/prep-exercises/i_inheritance.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ def get_name(self) -> str:
 class Child(Parent):
     def __init__(self, first_name: str, last_name: str):
         super().__init__(first_name, last_name)
-        self.previous_last_names = []
+        self.previous_last_names: list[str] = []
 
     def change_last_name(self, last_name: str) -> None:
         self.previous_last_names.append(self.last_name)

From 8aed46e987e47617114dfc674a5d6b1109e2d9d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 17:37:48 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 14/19] Fix: update .gitignore to include .venv and
 .mypy_cache; add requirements.txt for dependencies

---
 .gitignore                      | 2 ++
 prep-exercises/requirements.txt | 5 +++++
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 prep-exercises/requirements.txt

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 3c3629e6..1da8d55a 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
 node_modules
+.venv
+.mypy_cache
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/prep-exercises/requirements.txt b/prep-exercises/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d467ed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/prep-exercises/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+librt==0.6.3
+mypy==1.19.0
+mypy_extensions==1.1.0
+pathspec==0.12.1
+typing_extensions==4.15.0

From 38406323ff6b4b378e44be0c2b781343fad82b26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 17:42:00 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 15/19] Add requirements.txt to .gitignore

---
 prep-exercises/requirements.txt | 5 -----
 1 file changed, 5 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 prep-exercises/requirements.txt

diff --git a/prep-exercises/requirements.txt b/prep-exercises/requirements.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d467ed9..00000000
--- a/prep-exercises/requirements.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-librt==0.6.3
-mypy==1.19.0
-mypy_extensions==1.1.0
-pathspec==0.12.1
-typing_extensions==4.15.0

From 630ba6f3dd99d5f204ad490d6211e89fe77b582f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Dec 2025 17:44:57 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 16/19] Fix: update .gitignore to include .mypy_cache and
 requirements.txt

---
 .gitignore | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 1da8d55a..35fe5acc 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 node_modules
 .venv
-.mypy_cache
\ No newline at end of file
+.mypy_cache
+requirements.txt
\ No newline at end of file

From 1e064693cbb00d17f58abec2d18e08b7e05d87b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Dec 2025 17:24:47 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 17/19] Fix: improve user input handling and type hinting for
 operating system counts

---
 prep-exercises/h_enums.py | 12 ++++++------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/prep-exercises/h_enums.py b/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
index 98113cb4..4c1bb698 100644
--- a/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
+++ b/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import sys
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import List
+from typing import List, Tuple
 from collections import Counter
 
 class OperatingSystem(Enum):
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def find_possible_laptops(available_laptops: List[Laptop], current_person: Perso
 
 def user_prompt() -> Person:
     try:
-        name = str(input("Please enter your first name: "))
+        name = (input("Please enter your first name: ")).strip()
         if not name.isalpha():
             raise ValueError("Name must contain only alphabetic characters.")
         
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ def main() -> None:
     matching_laptops = find_possible_laptops(laptops, user_details)
 
     # get the counts of the laptops for an OS e.g. os_counts = {OperatingSystem.MACOS: 4,OperatingSystem.ARCH: 2,OperatingSystem.UBUNTU: 3}
-    os_counts = Counter(laptop.operating_system for laptop in laptops)
+    os_counts: Counter[OperatingSystem] = Counter(laptop.operating_system for laptop in laptops)
 
     print(f"\n{user_details.name}, there are {len(matching_laptops)} laptops available with your preferred operating system ({user_details.preferred_operating_systems.value}).\n")
 
@@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ def main() -> None:
     # get the count of laptops for users preferred OS
     user_os_count = os_counts[user_details.preferred_operating_systems]
 
-    # find the OSes with more laptops available
-    alternative_os = [(os, count) for os, count in os_counts.items() if count > user_os_count]
-
+    # sort alternative OS so most available OS is listed first
+    alternative_os = sorted([(os, count) for os, count in os_counts.items() if count > user_os_count], key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
+    
     if alternative_os:
         print("\nHowever, there are more laptops available with the following operating systems:")
         for os, count in alternative_os:

From 8063ab740d39ff13abaa7d3b72725a8941615eb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 6 Dec 2025 17:26:14 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 18/19] Fix: remove unused Tuple import from h_enums.py

---
 prep-exercises/h_enums.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/prep-exercises/h_enums.py b/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
index 4c1bb698..d6184c7f 100644
--- a/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
+++ b/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import sys
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import List, Tuple
+from typing import List
 from collections import Counter
 
 class OperatingSystem(Enum):

From 5cc2330c6840172fc5fbf1eba4a948876a9cbf53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Geraldine-Edwards <geraldine.edwards25@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 2 Jan 2026 20:23:00 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 19/19] Fix: enhance user input validation for name using
 regular expressions.  Embed minimum age variable into error message for
 accuracy

---
 prep-exercises/h_enums.py | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/prep-exercises/h_enums.py b/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
index d6184c7f..e63e7bed 100644
--- a/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
+++ b/prep-exercises/h_enums.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import re
 import sys
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import Enum
@@ -59,13 +60,14 @@ def find_possible_laptops(available_laptops: List[Laptop], current_person: Perso
 def user_prompt() -> Person:
     try:
         name = (input("Please enter your first name: ")).strip()
-        if not name.isalpha():
-            raise ValueError("Name must contain only alphabetic characters.")
+        # use 're' import (regular expression) for regex validation for allowed name characters
+        if not re.fullmatch(r"[A-Za-z\- ]+", name):
+            raise ValueError("Name must contain only alphabetic characters, hyphens, or spaces.")
         
         age = int(input("Please enter your age: "))
         minimum_age = 18
         if age < minimum_age: 
-            raise ValueError("Age must be 18 or over.")
+            raise ValueError(f"Age must be {minimum_age} or over.")
 
         
         # define valid OS options