@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ revolutionised many fields within science, industry, and beyond.
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Researchers across domains are increasingly seeking to combine ML
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with numerical modelling to advance research.
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This typically brings about the challenge of _ programming
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- language interoperation_ . PyTorch is a popular framework for designing and
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- training ML/DL models whilst Fortran remains a language of choice for many
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+ language interoperation_ . PyTorch [ @ paszke2019pytorch ] is a popular framework for
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+ designing and training ML/DL models whilst Fortran remains a language of choice for many
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high-performance computing (HPC) scientific models.
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The ` FTorch ` library provides an easy-to-use, performant method for coupling
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the two, allowing users to call PyTorch models from Fortran.
@@ -76,20 +76,20 @@ and the development of data-driven components.
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Such deployments of ML can achieve improved computational and/or predictive performance,
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compared to traditional numerical techniques.
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A common example from the geosciences is ML parameterisation
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- of subgrid processes - a major source of uncertainty in many models.
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+ of subgrid processes & mdash ; a major source of uncertainty in many models.
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Fortran is widely used for scientific codes due to its performance,
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stability, array-oriented design, and native support for shared and distributed memory,
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amongst other features [ @kedward2022state ] .
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Many ML frameworks, on the other hand, are accessed using Python.
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- The commonly-used PyTorch framework [ @ paszke2019pytorch ]
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+ The commonly-used PyTorch framework
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allows users to design and deploy ML models with many advanced features.
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- Ideally users would develop and validate ML models in the PyTorch environment
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+ Ideally, users would develop and validate ML models in the PyTorch environment
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before deploying them into a scientific model.
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This deployment should require minimal additional code, and guarantee
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identical results as obtained with the PyTorch
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- interface -- something not guaranteed if re-implementing by hand in Fortran.
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+ interface & mdash ; something not guaranteed if re-implementing by hand in Fortran.
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Ideally one would call out, from Fortran, to an ML model
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saved from PyTorch, with the results returned directly to the scientific code.
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