diff --git a/contracts/settlement/src/test.rs b/contracts/settlement/src/test.rs
index 08f19c5..aa71965 100644
--- a/contracts/settlement/src/test.rs
+++ b/contracts/settlement/src/test.rs
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ mod settlement_tests {
         assert_eq!(client.get_vault(), new_vault);
     }
 
-    // ── admin rotation edge cases ────────────────────────────────────────────
+    // ── admin rotation edge cases ────────────────────────────────────────────
 
     #[test]
     fn test_set_admin_to_same_address_succeeds() {
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ mod settlement_tests {
         );
     }
 
-    // ── event emission tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    // ── event emission tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
     #[test]
     fn test_set_admin_emits_nomination_event() {
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ mod settlement_tests {
         assert_eq!(topic_new, new_admin);
     }
 
-    // ── panic / error paths ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    // ── panic / error paths ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
     #[test]
     #[should_panic(expected = "settlement contract already initialized")]
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ mod settlement_tests {
         }
     }
 
-    // ── event shape tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    // ── event shape tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
     #[test]
     fn test_payment_received_event_to_pool() {
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ mod settlement_tests {
         assert_eq!(bc_data.new_balance, 500i128);
     }
 
-    // ── regression tests: ensure settlement logic intact after rotation ─────
+    // ── regression tests: ensure settlement logic intact after rotation ─────
 
     #[test]
     fn test_receive_payment_works_after_admin_rotation() {
@@ -913,4 +913,58 @@ mod settlement_tests {
         assert_eq!(pool_after.last_updated, 1_700_000_100);
         assert_eq!(pool_after.total_balance, 1500i128);
     }
+
+    /// `last_updated` reflects the ledger timestamp at the moment of each pool credit.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_global_pool_last_updated_on_receive_payment() {
+        let env = Env::default();
+        env.mock_all_auths();
+
+        let admin = Address::generate(&env);
+        let vault = Address::generate(&env);
+        let addr = env.register(CalloraSettlement, ());
+        let client = CalloraSettlementClient::new(&env, &addr);
+
+        env.ledger().set_timestamp(1_000);
+        client.init(&admin, &vault);
+        assert_eq!(client.get_global_pool().last_updated, 1_000);
+
+        // Advance time and credit pool � last_updated must change
+        env.ledger().set_timestamp(2_000);
+        client.receive_payment(&vault, &100i128, &true, &None);
+        let pool = client.get_global_pool();
+        assert_eq!(pool.last_updated, 2_000);
+        assert_eq!(pool.total_balance, 100i128);
+
+        // Advance again � each credit stamps the new time
+        env.ledger().set_timestamp(3_000);
+        client.receive_payment(&vault, &50i128, &true, &None);
+        let pool2 = client.get_global_pool();
+        assert_eq!(pool2.last_updated, 3_000);
+        assert_eq!(pool2.total_balance, 150i128);
+    }
+
+    /// Routing to a developer does NOT update `last_updated` on the global pool.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_global_pool_last_updated_unchanged_for_developer_payment() {
+        let env = Env::default();
+        env.mock_all_auths();
+
+        let admin = Address::generate(&env);
+        let vault = Address::generate(&env);
+        let developer = Address::generate(&env);
+        let addr = env.register(CalloraSettlement, ());
+        let client = CalloraSettlementClient::new(&env, &addr);
+
+        env.ledger().set_timestamp(1_000);
+        client.init(&admin, &vault);
+
+        env.ledger().set_timestamp(5_000);
+        client.receive_payment(&vault, &200i128, &false, &Some(developer.clone()));
+
+        // Pool timestamp must still be the init timestamp
+        assert_eq!(client.get_global_pool().last_updated, 1_000);
+        assert_eq!(client.get_global_pool().total_balance, 0);
+        assert_eq!(client.get_developer_balance(&developer), 200i128);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/contracts/vault/src/lib.rs b/contracts/vault/src/lib.rs
index f27769b..d8d94a7 100644
--- a/contracts/vault/src/lib.rs
+++ b/contracts/vault/src/lib.rs
@@ -606,4 +606,4 @@ impl CalloraVault {
 mod test;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod test_init_hardening;
+mod test_init_hardening;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/contracts/vault/src/test.rs b/contracts/vault/src/test.rs
index e05f35a..c3f471b 100644
--- a/contracts/vault/src/test.rs
+++ b/contracts/vault/src/test.rs
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ fn set_allowed_depositor_duplicate_is_ignored() {
     client.init(&owner, &usdc, &Some(100), &None, &None, &None, &None);
 
     client.set_allowed_depositor(&owner, &Some(depositor.clone()));
-    client.set_allowed_depositor(&owner, &Some(depositor.clone())); // duplicate — should be a no-op
+    client.set_allowed_depositor(&owner, &Some(depositor.clone())); // duplicate — should be a no-op
 
     // depositor can still deposit exactly once (list not doubled)
     usdc_admin.mint(&depositor, &50);
@@ -920,7 +920,7 @@ fn batch_deduct_too_large_fails() {
 
 #[test]
 fn batch_deduct_fail_mid_batch_leaves_balance_unchanged() {
-    // Second item exceeds balance — entire batch must revert.
+    // Second item exceeds balance — entire batch must revert.
     let env = Env::default();
     let owner = Address::generate(&env);
     let (vault_address, client) = create_vault(&env);
@@ -1996,7 +1996,7 @@ fn test_deduct_with_settlement_success() {
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Checked arithmetic — overflow / underflow boundary tests
+// Checked arithmetic — overflow / underflow boundary tests
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #[test]
@@ -2067,7 +2067,7 @@ fn withdraw_to_zero_succeeds() {
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Issue #108 — set_allowed_depositor: duplicate add, clear, unauthorized
+// Issue #108 — set_allowed_depositor: duplicate add, clear, unauthorized
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #[test]