First commit

Author: gwens

Beginning C++ 17 source code/Examples/Chapter 01/Ex1_01.cpp

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+// A complete C++ program
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main()
+{
+  int answer {42};              // Defines answer with value 42
+
+  std::cout << "The answer to life, the universe, and everything is "
+            << answer
+            << std::endl;
+
+  return 0;
+}

Beginning C++ 17 source code/Examples/Chapter 01/Ex1_02.cpp

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+// Using escape sequences
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main()
+{
+  std::cout << "\"Least \'said\' \\\n\t\tsoonest \'mended\'.\"" << std::endl;
+}

Beginning C++ 17 source code/Examples/Chapter 02/Ex2_01.cpp

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+// Writing values of variables to cout
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main()
+{
+  int apple_count {15};                            // Number of apples
+  int orange_count {5};                            // Number of oranges
+  int total_fruit {apple_count + orange_count};    // Total number of fruit
+
+  std::cout << "The value of apple_count is "  << apple_count  << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "The value of orange_count is " << orange_count << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "The value of total_fruit is "  << total_fruit  << std::endl;
+}

Beginning C++ 17 source code/Examples/Chapter 02/Ex2_02.cpp

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+// Converting distances
+#include <iostream>                    // For output to the screen
+
+int main() 
+{
+  unsigned int yards {}, feet {}, inches {};
+ 
+  // Convert a distance in yards, feet, and inches to inches
+  std::cout << "Enter a distance as yards, feet, and inches "
+            << "with the three values separated by spaces:"
+            << std::endl; 
+  std::cin >> yards >> feet >> inches;
+
+  const unsigned feet_per_yard {3};
+  const unsigned inches_per_foot {12};
+  
+  unsigned total_inches {};
+  total_inches = inches + inches_per_foot * (yards*feet_per_yard + feet);
+  std::cout << "The distances corresponds to " << total_inches << " inches.\n";
+
+  // Convert a distance in inches to yards feet and inches
+  std::cout << "Enter a distance in inches: ";
+  std::cin >> total_inches;
+  feet   = total_inches / inches_per_foot;
+  inches = total_inches % inches_per_foot;
+  yards  = feet / feet_per_yard;
+  feet   = feet % feet_per_yard;
+  std::cout << "The distances corresponds to "
+            << yards  << " yards " 
+            << feet   << " feet "
+            << inches << " inches." << std::endl;
+}

Beginning C++ 17 source code/Examples/Chapter 02/Ex2_03.cpp

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+// Sizing a pond for happy fish
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cmath>                       // For square root function
+
+int main()
+{
+  // 2 square feet pond surface for every 6 inches of fish
+  const double fish_factor { 2.0/0.5 };  // Area per unit length of fish
+  const double inches_per_foot { 12.0 };
+  const double pi { 3.141592653589793238 };
+
+  double fish_count {};            // Number of fish
+  double fish_length {};           // Average length of fish 
+
+  std::cout << "Enter the number of fish you want to keep: ";
+  std::cin >> fish_count;
+  std::cout << "Enter the average fish length in inches: ";
+  std::cin >> fish_length;
+  fish_length /= inches_per_foot;  // Convert to feet
+
+  // Calculate the required surface area
+  const double pond_area {fish_count * fish_length * fish_factor};
+
+  // Calculate the pond diameter from the area
+  const double pond_diameter {2.0 * std::sqrt(pond_area/pi)};
+
+  std::cout << "\nPond diameter required for " << fish_count << " fish is "
+            << pond_diameter << " feet.\n";
+}

Beginning C++ 17 source code/Examples/Chapter 02/Ex2_04.cpp

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+// Using explicit type conversions
+#include <iostream> 
+
+int main()
+{
+  const unsigned feet_per_yard {3};
+  const unsigned inches_per_foot {12};
+
+  double length {};                    // Length as decimal yards 
+  unsigned int yards{};                // Whole yards
+  unsigned int feet {};                // Whole feet 
+  unsigned int inches {};              // Whole inches
+
+  std::cout << "Enter a length in yards as a decimal: ";
+  std::cin >> length;
+
+  // Get the length as yards, feet, and inches 
+  yards  = static_cast<unsigned int>(length);
+  feet   = static_cast<unsigned int>((length - yards) * feet_per_yard);
+  inches = static_cast<unsigned int>
+                       (length * feet_per_yard * inches_per_foot) % inches_per_foot;
+
+  std::cout << length << " yards converts to "
+            << yards  << " yards "
+            << feet   << " feet "
+            << inches << " inches." << std:: endl;
+}

Beginning C++ 17 source code/Examples/Chapter 02/Ex2_05.cpp

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+// Finding  maximum and minimum values for data types
+#include <limits>
+#include <iostream>
+
+int main()  
+{
+  std::cout << "The range for type short is from "
+            << std::numeric_limits<short>::min() << " to "
+            << std::numeric_limits<short>::max()  << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "The range for type int is from "
+            << std::numeric_limits<int>::min() << " to "
+            << std::numeric_limits<int>::max() << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "The range for type long is from "
+            << std::numeric_limits<long>::min()<< " to "
+            << std::numeric_limits<long>::max() << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "The range for type float is from "
+            << std::numeric_limits<float>::min() << " to "
+            << std::numeric_limits<float>::max() << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "The positive range for type double is from "
+            << std::numeric_limits<double>::min() << " to "
+            << std::numeric_limits<double>::max() << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "The positive range for type long double is from "
+            << std::numeric_limits<long double>::min() << " to "
+            << std::numeric_limits<long double>::max() << std::endl;
+}

Beginning C++ 17 source code/Examples/Chapter 03/Ex3_01.cpp

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+// Using the bitwise operators
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iomanip>
+
+int main() 
+{
+  unsigned int red {0xFF0000u};             // Color red
+  unsigned int white {0xFFFFFFu};           // Color white - RGB all maximum
+  
+  std::cout << std::hex                     // Hexadecimal output
+            << std::setfill('0');           // Fill character 0
+  
+  std::cout << "Try out bitwise complement, AND and OR operators:";
+  std::cout << "\nInitial value:       red = " << std::setw(8) << red;
+  std::cout << "\nComplement:         ~red = " << std::setw(8) << ~red;
+  
+  std::cout << "\nInitial value:     white = " << std::setw(8) << white;
+  std::cout << "\nComplement:       ~white = " << std::setw(8) << ~white;
+  
+  std::cout << "\nBitwise AND: red & white = " << std::setw(8)  << (red & white);
+  std::cout << "\nBitwise  OR: red | white = " << std::setw(8)  << (red | white); 
+  
+  std::cout << "\n\nNow try successive exclusive OR operations:"; 
+  unsigned int mask {red ^ white};
+  std::cout << "\nmask = red ^ white = " << std::setw(8) << mask;
+  std::cout << "\n        mask ^ red = " << std::setw(8) << (mask ^ red);
+  std::cout << "\n      mask ^ white = " << std::setw(8) << (mask ^ white);
+  
+  unsigned int flags {0xFF};                // Flags variable
+  unsigned int bit1mask {0x1};              // Selects bit 1
+  unsigned int bit6mask {0b100000};         // Selects bit 6
+  unsigned int bit20mask {1u << 19};        // Selects bit 20
+  
+  std::cout << "\n\nUse masks to select or set a particular flag bit:";
+  std::cout << "\nSelect bit 1 from flags  : " << std::setw(8) << (flags & bit1mask); 
+  std::cout << "\nSelect bit 6 from flags  : " << std::setw(8) << (flags & bit6mask); 
+  std::cout << "\nSwitch off bit 6 in flags: " << std::setw(8) << (flags &= ~bit6mask); 
+  std::cout << "\nSwitch on bit 20 in flags: " << std::setw(8) << (flags |= bit20mask)
+            << std::endl;
+}

Beginning C++ 17 source code/Examples/Chapter 03/Ex3_02.cpp

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+// Operations with enumerations
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iomanip>
+
+int main()
+{
+  enum class Day { Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday };
+  Day yesterday{ Day::Monday }, today{ Day::Tuesday }, tomorrow{ Day::Wednesday };
+  const Day poets_day{ Day::Friday };
+
+  enum class Punctuation : char { Comma = ',', Exclamation = '!', Question = '?' };
+  Punctuation ch{ Punctuation::Comma };
+
+  std::cout << "yesterday's value is " << static_cast<int>(yesterday)
+    << static_cast<char>(ch) << " but poets_day's is " << static_cast<int>(poets_day)
+    << static_cast<char>(Punctuation::Exclamation) << std::endl;
+
+  today = Day::Thursday;                    // Assign new ...
+  ch = Punctuation::Question;               // ... enumerator values
+  tomorrow = poets_day;                     // Copy enumerator value
+
+  std::cout << "Is today's value(" << static_cast<int>(today)
+            << ") the same as poets_day(" << static_cast<int>(poets_day)
+            << ')' << static_cast<char>(ch) << std::endl;
+
+//   ch = tomorrow;              // Uncomment ...
+//   tomorrow = Friday;          // ... any of these ...
+//   today = 6;                  // ... for an error. 
+}

Beginning C++ 17 source code/Examples/Chapter 03/Ex3_03.cpp

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+// Demonstrating scope, lifetime, and global variables
+#include <iostream> 
+long count1{999L};         // Global count1
+double count2{3.14};       // Global count2
+int count3;                // Global count3 - default intialization
+
+int main()
+{ /* Function scope starts here */
+  int count1{10};          // Hides global count1
+  int count3{50};          // Hides global count3
+  std::cout << "Value of outer count1 = "  << count1 << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "Value of global count1 = " << ::count1 << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "Value of global count2 = " << count2 << std::endl;
+
+  { /* New block scope starts here... */
+    int count1{20};        // This is a new variable that hides the outer count1
+    int count2{30};        // This hides global count2       
+    std::cout << "\nValue of inner count1 = "<< count1 << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Value of global count1 = " << ::count1 << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Value of inner count2 = "  << count2 << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Value of global count2 = " << ::count2 << std::endl;
+
+    count1 = ::count1 + 3;   // This sets inner count1 to global count1+3
+    ++::count1;              // This changes global count1
+    std::cout << "\nValue of inner count1 = " << count1 << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Value of global count1 = "  << ::count1 << std::endl;
+    count3 += count2;        // Increments outer count3 by inner count2;
+
+    int count4 {};          
+  } /* ...and ends here. */
+
+// std::cout << count4 << std::endl;	// count4 does not exist in this scope!
+
+  std::cout << "\nValue of outer count1 = "<< count1 << std::endl
+            << "Value of outer count3 = "  << count3 << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "Value of global count3 = " << ::count3 << std::endl;
+
+  std::cout << "Value of global count2 = " << count2 << std::endl;
+} /* Function scope ends here */